I Secretly Taped My Boss And Now I Want to Sue

I have people come into my office all the time about sexual harassment, discrimination or other issues who proudly pull out a DVD or tape and say, “I have it all on tape.” I usually jump back about two feet, as if the thing were a cobra (not the kind relating to insurance). That’s because taping someone without their consent is a crime in my state. The tape will probably not be admissible in court, and could well land my client in jail.

I want nothing to do with recordings unless everyone whose voices appear on them consented to be recorded.

That’s not true in every state. The question you need to ask yourself before you secretly record a conversation is whether your state has “one party” or a “two party” consent. One party consent simply means that, if any party to the conversation agrees to be taped, it’s okay. Two-party consent (also called all-party consent) requires every person who participates in the conversation to agree to be taped.

Here’s how these laws apply. In a two-party/all-party consent state, you can’t go into a disciplinary interview with a recorder hidden in your pocket to tape your employer’s sexual harassment or admission that they set you up. In a one-party consent state, as long as you are in the conversation you can tape it. You can’t stand in the shadows and tape a conversation you aren’t participating in to eavesdrop on what is being said. Placing a bug or hidden tape recorder in a room and leaving is always illegal unless there is a court order.

The following states require consent of all parties to a conversation (two party consent) in order for the conversation to be recorded: 

California
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida

Illinois (By statute. However, in practice the courts of Illinois allow most individuals and businesses, not law enforcement, to use one party consent.)
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Montana
New Hampshire

Pennsylvania
Washington

States that allow one party to consent are:

Alaska
Arkansas
Colorado
District of Columbia

Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
Nevada
New Jersey

New Mexico

New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming

The federal law on taping, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, has some exemptions. If a phone line is recorded for customer service, for use as a 911 line, or by court order, then the recording may be allowed. However, there are many suits over these exceptions. (This also means that most employers who tape employee conversations get it wrong, but that’s another post for another time.) Your state law may have some exemptions too, but probably not for you as an employee.

How do you properly tape record a conversation in a two-party consent state? You pull out the recorder, hit the “record” button and say, “You don’t mind if I record this, do you?” If they say they don’t mind, record away. If they do mind, then shut it off and put it away.

People say the darndest things and then deny later, so the temptation to secretly record them is strong. You might want to have a witness come along instead if you’re in a two-party consent state. I know it’s not ideal, but it beats landing in jail.

I Reported Harassment and Now HR Wants to Meet With Me. What Do I Do?

            I know it seems scary to report sexual, racial, or other harassment to human resources. It’s even scarier when they call and tell you they’ve set up a meeting with their lawyer and you. Some employees want to refuse or delay this meeting. But being called into a meeting like this is actually a good sign. It means your employer is doing what they’re supposed to do. (Either that, or you’re being set up to be fired, but let’s stay optimistic).

            The Supreme Court says you must report discriminatory harassment under the company’s published harassment policy and give the company a chance to fix the situation. No excuses accepted, no exceptions made. (In Supreme-land, nobody is ever justifiably afraid of being beaten to a pulp, fired, demoted, or made miserable if they complain).Yeah, yeah, I know. But it's not my rule. You still have to do it.

Once the employer receives a report of discrimination or discriminatory harassment, they are supposed to conduct a reasonable investigation. If the discrimination or harassment has occurred, they must take prompt action to correct the situation. Plus, they’re now on notice that someone in their company has a propensity toward illegal behavior.

            With a little preparation and a little backbone, this meeting may be just what you need to make your work life peaceful again. Here are some do’s and don’ts for that meeting.

            DO

• Put your complaint in writing if you haven’t already. Make sure you call it a “Formal Complaint of Racial [or Sexual/Age-Based/National Origin, etc.] Harassment [or Discrimination].” That way they can't claim later you only reported general harassment or bullying.
• Make notes to take with you. Write down everything that was said or done where you were singled out for harassment or different treatment due to your race, age, sex, national origin, pregnancy, color, genetic information, religion or other protected status.
•  If any comments were made about your protected status, write those down too.
• Were you denied a raise, paid less, denied a promotion, or disciplined when others in a different category (different race, different sex, younger, non-disabled, etc.) were treated better? Write it down.
• Try to recall dates, who made the statement or singled you out, witnesses, and as much detail as you can provide. If you don’t recall an exact date, it’s okay to write down “around May” or “last Spring.” Do the best you can. Write it all down so you remember.
• Write down names of everyone in your same category (same race, same sex, etc.) who was also treated badly.
• Write down names of everyone in a different category from you who was treated better.
• If you have written proof – emails, memos, photos, recordings (not illegal tape recordings of conversations though), or other documents, gather them to bring to the meeting. Be organized. You’ll be more believable and you’ll look professional.
•  Take good notes of the questions asked and the answers you gave.
• If you have an attorney already, let them know about the meeting. While they may not be allowed to attend, they might ask if they can. At the very least, they might give you some tips on what to say and what to expect. They may have their own do’s and don’ts they want to go over with you. If you're represented, the company attorney can't meet with you without your lawyer's permission.
•  If you’re a member of a union, tell your union representative. They’ll probably want to be with you.
•  Stick to your guns. If they try to get you to change your story, say it wasn’t due to race/age/sex, etc. but something else, don’t cave.
• Ask if you can see the investigative report once it’s complete.
• If you remember something after the meeting, think you didn’t have an opportunity to present everything, or want to clarify something, do write a memorandum to the people who attended the meeting laying out the details you want to add, so you have proof.

            DON’T

• Don’t tell your coworkers about your complaint or start bad-mouthing anyone. Your complaint is supposed to be confidential. The employer might discipline or fire you for violating confidentiality.
• Don’t talk about unfair treatment, general harassment, personality conflicts or bullying. Those aren’t illegal. Make sure to focus on your complaint.
• Don’t use illegal recordings. If you recorded a conversation with your harasser and the harasser didn’t know about it, in some states you may have committed a crime.
• Don’t insist on having an attorney present, to the extent you refuse to attend the meeting. Most companies won’t allow you to bring an attorney with you to an internal investigation. If you refuse to cooperate, they’ll have a nice defense to your claim and they might say you were insubordinate.
• Don’t concede that the reason the person you’re complaining about did something is they dislike everyone. If you are asked why the discriminating person did something to you, the answer is almost always, “Because of my race/age/sex, etc.” or “To retaliate against me for reporting discrimination.” If you say it’s because they’re a bully, you’re giving the legal department ammunition to say the person is an “equal opportunity harasser” who is mean to everyone.
• Don’t be evasive or try to play word games. You’ll look like a liar.
• Don’t ask for severance. They’ll claim you quit. If they ask what you want, say you want to work in a place that is free of discrimination/sexual harassment/racial harassment, etc. Don’t quit. If they fire you, contact a lawyer.
• Don’t demand the harasser be fired. They don’t have to discipline this person in any particular way. Don’t put yourself in a situation where you make them say that they have nowhere to put you in light of your demands.
•  Don’t yell, be insubordinate, be rude, or act unprofessionally. You’ll just give them a legitimate reason to fire you.
• Don’t refuse to come back to work. You have to work, or they’ll say you abandoned your position.
• Don’t forget that HR and the corporate attorney are there to protect your employer, not you. You shouldn’t say or do that could get you disciplined or fired.
• Don’t give the company your only copy of anything. Make sure you have copies of your notes, evidence, witness lists, etc.
• Don’t freak out when they start interviewing coworkers. They’re supposed to do that. They have to investigate what you’re saying. That means the harasser will probably find out about your complaint.
• Don’t get upset if they say they won’t give you a copy of the investigative report or let you know their conclusions. Some employers will, some won’t. If you end up having to sue, EEOC and your lawyer will be able to get the report.
• Don’t be surprised if they say they conclude there was no discrimination or illegal harassment. Very few HR people or lawyers will admit anything in writing. Even if the official report says it didn’t happen, the harasser might have been warned or disciplined in some way.

Once the interview is done, you need to be patient. If you encounter more discrimination/discriminatory harassment, or if you are retaliated against for complaining, report it in writing to HR.

Most employers take discrimination complaints seriously and try to do the right thing. If you go into your meeting prepared, have your proof and witness lists organized, act professionally, and don’t have unreasonable expectations, this is your best opportunity to get the company to assure you have a workplace free of discrimination and discriminatory harassment.

If your employer doesn’t correct the situation and it continues, or if you are retaliated against by a demotion, termination, cut in pay/hours, or something that affects you in the wallet, it’s time to talk to an employment attorney in your state. The work you did to prepare for your meeting won't have been wasted. You'll be ready for your meeting with the lawyer. Hopefully you'll have enough ammunition to convince the attorney that they can sue your employer's socks off.

Supremes Pretty Consistently Oppose Retaliation

The Supreme Court isn’t exactly known for being pro-employee. But it has been fairly consistently pro-employee in one area: retaliation. Yesterday’s ruling in favor of an employee who complained verbally about a Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) violation is just one of a series of recent rulings that demonstrate employers need to beware of retaliating.
Oral complaints are protected: In yesterday’s Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp, the Court found that the anti-retaliation provision of FLSA which applies to people who “file” complaints applies even where the “filing” was purely a verbal complaint.

Retaliation against a fiancé is illegal: Earlier this year, in Thompson v. North American Stainless, LP, the Court ruled that the fiancé of an employee who complained about sex discrimination could bring a retaliation claim when he was fired shortly after she complained. It’s, “obvious that a reasonable worker might be dissuaded from engaging in protected activity if she knew that her fiancé would be fired.” Yeah. It was pretty obvious, wasn’t it?

You don’t have to be the one who complained to be protected: In 2009, in Crawford v. Metropolitan Government of Nashville, the Court decided an employee who was interviewed in a sexual harassment investigation was protected: “The antiretaliation provision’s protection extends to an employee who speaks out about discrimination not on her own initiative, but in answering questions during an employer’s internal investigation.” Gotta love this one since she won a $1.5 million verdict last year after the case went to trial. Oh, and because the majority opinion referred to the employer’s position as “freakish.” Well, not quite their whole position, but the word “freakish” was used.

Race discrimination statute prohibits retaliation: In 2008, the Court in CBOCS West, Inc. v. Humphries found that 42 U.S.C. § 1981(a post-Civil War race discrimination statute) prohibits retaliation.

Age discrimination statute prohibits retaliation: The same day in 2008, the Court in Gomez-Perez v. Potter, Postmaster General found that the Age Discrimination in Employment Act similarly prohibited retaliation against a federal employee.

Retaliation other than termination is illegal: In 2006, the court decided Burlington Northern v. White said: “We conclude that the anti-retaliation provision does not confine the actions and harms it forbids to those that are related to employment or occur at the workplace. We also conclude that the provision covers those (and only those) employer actions that would have been materially adverse to a reasonable employee or job applicant. In the present context that means that the employer’s actions must be harmful to the point that they could well dissuade a reasonable worker from making or supporting a charge of discrimination.”

So while some other employment laws may be slowly eroding away in favor of employers, the anti-retaliation laws are alive and well. Does this mean employees can run to the courthouse at will now? No. Employees still need to be concerned about retaliation. You need to know your rights before you complain.

Donna’s tips:

a. There is still no law prohibiting an employer from retaliating against you for reporting or objecting to policy violations, ethical violations, bullying, or jerkish behavior. Only if you do something that puts you in a legally protected category are you protected from retaliation. That means objecting to something that’s illegal under a statute such as Family and Medical Leave Act, Title VII, state discrimination laws, wage/hour laws, OSHA violations, or some other legal violation.

b. If you’re thinking about bringing a claim under a whistleblower law, there are lots of hoops you have to jump through, so know your responsibilities and rights under the whistleblower laws before you complain.

c. I did a post about when you should think about reporting coworkers and how to do it. Despite yesterday’s ruling about oral complaints being protected, I still suggest you put your complaint (if it’s a legally-protected complaint) in writing so the employer can’t deny it later.

d. General harassment, hostile environment and bullying are not illegal, so you’re not protected from retaliation if you report them.

Who Owns My Social Media Contacts and Posts?

Most employees think their social media is none of their employer’s business. So, who owns your social media contacts and posts? While you may think you own your contacts and posts online, the answer may depend on what agreements you’ve signed with your employer.

When you leave, it is possible for your former employer to make a claim to some or all of your social media contacts or posts.

My guest post on Monster.com tells what you need to know about who owns your social media when you leave your job.

Thanks to my friends over at MonsterThinking for continuing to ask me to post. It's such an honor to be asked to guest blog for the nation's best job hunting site (and the one I use when I need to hire employees).

Guest Blog Post on Social Media and Employment Law: Six Things You Need to Know

Whether you’re an occasional Facebooker, a Twitter fanatic, or a well-known blogger, you need to understand the risks you face every time you post or click at work and at home. If you think what you post is private, or that you can click without consequences, think again. If you make a mistake with your social media, it can cost you your job. I did a guest blog post this week on MonsterThinking (Monster.com's excellent blog on employment and career issues) where I talk about six things you need to know about social media and employment law before you post or click.

Check it out here.

I've added MonsterThinking.com to my blogroll too. It's an excellent source of information for employees on the latest issues affecting you at work. Keep checking it out - I know I will.

Top Ten Employment Laws You Think Exist – That Don’t

Everyone tells me they know their employee rights. Some are even dumb enough to tell their employers they know their rights. The problem is, most of you are getting your legal information from courtroom TV shows or coworkers who know less than you do. Before you mouth off about your rights, here are some laws that most employees think exist - that don't.

• Wrongful termination

If you live in Montana, your employer can only fire you for just cause. Otherwise, they can fire you for any reason or no reason at all. They don’t have to have a good reason. They don’t even have to give a reason in most states. Arizona has a law based on the Montana law, but they took the "just cause" (and some other pro-employee stuff)out of it.

• Right to your file

No federal law requires private employers to allow employees to inspect or copy their own personnel files. Some states require employers to allow you to look at your file. Fewer allow you to copy items in your file. Many times, the only way you’ll find out what’s in your file is if you sue and you get it with a Request for Production, or if you subpoena it in unemployment or other proceedings.

• Breaks

No federal law requires employers to offer any work breaks for anything, even meals. Some state laws do require work breaks, but it’s not a majority. No law requires bathroom breaks, but it's probably a health issue, so OSHA might protect you if your employer denies bathroom breaks. If you're a nursing mother, you're entitled to an unpaid break to express breast milk if your employer is big enough. Some states also offer protection for nursing moms taking breaks.

• Hostile environment/harassment

Hostile work environment is not illegal. Harassment is not illegal. Bullying is not illegal. Hostile work environment or harassment due to race, age, sex, religion, national origin, disability, color, taking Family and Medical Leave, whistleblowing, or some other legally-protected status is illegal.

• Free speech

Only government employees have free speech protections, and those are very limited. You can be fired for your speech in the workplace or outside the workplace if you work for a private employer. You can't be fired for speaking on behalf of coworkers in order to improve work conditions or for objecting to something illegal, but be very careful to make sure you're protected before you speak out.

• Privacy

There is no law giving you privacy in your work emails or internet usage. If your employer is going to listen into or record phone calls, there are legal restrictions. You also have privacy rights in your medical information. There is no federal law protecting your social security number, but California and New York do offer limited protection against employers displaying your number.

• Right to work

Right to work doesn’t mean your employer can’t make you sign a non-compete agreement or restrict your ability to work for competitors after you leave. What it means is they can’t make you join a union in order to work there. Some states, but not all, are right to work states. If your company tells you that signing a noncompete agreement is meaningless or that it won’t be enforced, they are lying to you.

• Retaliation

There is no law prohibiting an employer from retaliating against you for reporting or objecting to policy violations, ethical violations, bullying, or jerkish behavior. Only if you do something that puts you in a legally protected category are you protected from retaliation. Examples would be objecting to discrimination, making a worker’s comp claim, or taking Family and Medical Leave.

• Discrimination

Discriminating against you for being you is never illegal. Favoritism, nepotism, being a jerk, are not illegal. Discrimination based on age, race, sex, religion, national origin, disability, color and genetic information are illegal.

• Individual liability

As much as it may give you joy to sue your boss personally, you probably can’t. Federal and many state discrimination laws, Family and Medical Leave Act (in some states - the courts disagree on this), and most other laws simply don’t allow it. The one exception is wage and hour violations. Some state discrimination laws do hold supervisors liable for violations. But what’s the point? Unless they’re rich, you probably won’t be able to collect anyhow.

Well that's wrong. What can I do about it?

Since most people think these laws exist, maybe it's time for them to actually be passed. Email your congressperson and state representative now and complain if you don't like the fact that you're not protected. Here are some places to find out how to contact your representative in Congress:

http://www.contactingthecongress.org/

http://www.congress.org

Here's a website with contact information for elected officials at the state and federal level:

http://www.usa.gov/Contact/Elected.shtml

Yippee - I Can Insult My Boss on Facebook Now!

You’ve probably heard about the case the National Labor Relations Board brought against a company for disciplining an employee based on insults she posted on her Facebook page about her boss. Well, it settled. So I expect to hear about a bunch of employees posting nasty comments about their bosses on Facebook, tweeting about how awful management is, and then wondering why the heck they were fired.

Please, please don’t post anything in social media you don’t want on the front page of the company newsletter. Don’t get yourself fired over something stupid.

The National Labor Relations Act and Concerted Activity

In re American Medical Response of Connecticut, Inc., Case No. 34-CA-12576 (October 27, 2010), is where the NLRB claimed a company violated the “concerted activity” provision of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). I personally like this provision a lot because it applies whether or not the company has a union, and covers pretty much every workplace. HR people and management-side lawyers don’t like to talk about it because it covers anything employees do for mutual aid or protection.

Here’s what it says: “Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection.” 29 U.S.C. § 157.

If you’re complaining about working conditions, not just your own but also those of your coworkers, you’re possibly protected from retaliation under the National Labor Relations Act. Does that mean you should rush to post what a jerk your boss is? No. Not unless you want to be fired.

The Facebook Case and the Facts

The NLRB’s settlement of this case doesn’t mean that you’re necessarily protected. The facts of the case were not unusual, but they might not apply to you.

The company had a policy that prohibited: “disparaging, discriminatory or defamatory comments when discussing the company or the employee’s superiors, co-workers and/or competitors.” It also prohibited employees from depicting the company in any way in social media. That’s pretty broad. Part of the NLRB’s beef was that the restriction was too broad. The settlement was, in part, that the company would “revise its rules to ensure that they do not improperly restrict employees from discussing their wages, hours and working conditions with co-workers and others while not at work.” The company also agreed that it “would not discipline or discharge employees for engaging in such discussions.”

Granted, the employee’s comments were pretty outrageous: "looks like I'm getting some time off. love how the company allows a 17 (company term for psychiatric patient) to become a supervisor," and saying the boss was "being a d***" and a "scum***." The company said she was rude and unprofessional, and violated their internet policy. Her coworkers then weighed in with comments supporting her and with further negative comments about the supervisor.

A big reason the NLRB found her activities protected was the fact that it resulted in comments from coworkers. If you post something just to vent and it doesn’t result in a discussion with coworkers, you’re probably not in the same boat. So tweeting that your boss is a jerk when your coworkers don’t follow you or comment is probably not going to be treated the same way.

Protesting Working Conditions Might Be Protected

While this wasn’t the first case involving protected comments, it was the first involving social media. Other cases where employee comments about working conditions were protected are where an employee was fired for criticizing unpaid two-hour sales meetings (also probably protected under the Fair Labor Standards Act and some other whistleblower laws, by the way); employees terminated for sending a letter protesting working conditions and that they were being told to spend large amounts of time on the company president’s pet project; and an employee who got a written warning for objecting to a supervisor’s lecture about radio headset volume.

So yes, protesting poor working conditions may well be protected under the National Labor Relations Act.

Why You Should Keep Your Mouth Shut

I still suggest you shut your mouth about any complaints you have, especially in social media. There are just too many ways you can mess yourself up, and the law has too many loopholes to give you much aid and comfort.

Intention is key: Your intent is all-important. If your employer thinks your intent was to retaliate, damage your boss’s reputation, damage the company, or anything but to improve working conditions, then you’re probably going to have to file for unemployment.

No solo act: Your comments have to be part of “concerted activity,” which is defined as “being engaged in with, or on the authority of, other employees, and not solely by and on behalf of the employee himself.” If you go it alone, you do it at your peril.

You might not be protected: There are also lots of exclusions, so many employees aren’t protected. Since the NLRA is meant mostly to protect attempts to unionize, supervisors, independent contractors (yeah, yeah, most employers get this wrong), domestic workers, agricultural workers, family member employees, managerial and confidential employees aren’t protected. If you’re high enough up, you can’t gripe and get away with it.

The company policy might be okay: The NLRB has found other provisions in employer policies didn’t violate the Act. For instance, in one case language that prohibited “disparagement of company’s or competitors’ products, services, executive leadership, employees, strategy, and business prospects” was allowed.

Bullying and harassment is legal: Let’s not forget that there’s still not a single state in the U.S. that has passed a law against workplace bullying. My post with further information about harassment and bullying is here. Bottom line is that a bully boss still has the power to discipline you, decide whether you get raises or promotions, and make your life miserable. Why tick him or her off if you aren’t protected from retaliation?

No free speech at work: The First Amendment doesn’t protect you unless you work for the government. There’s no free speech in corporate America. My post about what you can and should complain about at work and still be protected is here.

But I’m Sure My Company Did Something Illegal

So you think you were fired or disciplined for criticizing your boss, and you’re pretty sure you are protected. Don’t sit on your rights. You only have 6 months to file a complaint with the NLRB.

They will investigate to determine whether or not there’s cause for your charge. They may interview you, at work if you’re still there. You can have a union rep or coworker present with you. A report then goes to the Regional Director, who decides whether or not the case will go forward. Mostly, the cases are dismissed. Only about 1/3 go forward.

If you’re dismissed, you can appeal to the General Counsel’s office.

If the Regional Director finds reasonable cause, then they’ll first try to settle it. About 90% of the cases settle at this stage. If it doesn’t settle, it goes before an Administrative Law Judge and NLRB staff counsel will represent you. You can also have a private lawyer with you, but the lawyer’s role is limited since the case is not yours but the NLRB’s.

If you win, you can get reinstatement, back pay and interest. You cannot get emotional distress or attorney’s fees. The judge can also order that the employer cease and desist their illegal practices.

When in doubt, contact an employment lawyer in your state to get more information about your rights.